Ethics and Artificial Intelligence (AI): Implications on Human Jobs and the WGA and SAG-AFTRA Strikes

SEPTEMBER 2023

The rise of artificial intelligence has forced Hollywood's writers and actors into a fight over who controls the future of storytelling: human creators or the technology designed to replace them.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEFINITION SECTION…………..…………...………………………… 3

GENESIS…………………………………………………………. 3

DENOTATION…………………………………………………… 3

CONNOTATION…………………………………………………. 4

OPPOSING / DIVERGENT VIEWS…………………………….. 6

SYSTEMS / MODELS / THEORIES……………………………. 6

CONCLUSION……………………………………………...…… 7

THESIS……………………………………………………………...…… 8

REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………………………….…. 8

RESEARCH DESIGN…………………………………………………… 23

PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE AND CONCLUSION…………………… 33

WORKS CITED…………………………………………………………. 36

GENESIS

The historical origins of artificial intelligence can be traced back to the mid-20th century when computer scientists and researchers began exploring the idea of creating machines that could simulate human intelligence. The term "artificial intelligence" was coined during a Dartmouth Workshop in 1956, where researchers discussed the possibility of creating machines capable of "thinking" like humans (Rockwell). Over the years, artificial intelligence research progressed, leading to the development of various AI systems and technologies.

Concerns about AI taking over human jobs started gaining prominence with the emergence of automation and advanced robotics in industries (Lufkin). The rapid advancements in AI technologies have raised ethical questions regarding job displacement, economic inequality, and the potential impact on the workforce. The issue of AI replacing human jobs has become a contemporary and pressing matter, particularly within the entertainment industry. 

DENOTATION

Artificial Intelligence (AI): Refers to machines and systems that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence, such as problem-solving, learning, and decision-making (VisoAI).

Job Displacement: The process in which AI and automation lead to the elimination or reduction of human jobs, as machines can perform tasks previously done by humans more efficiently (Goyar).

Economic Inequality: The unequal distribution of resources, wealth, and opportunities in society, which can be exacerbated by AI-driven job displacement.

Workforce Automation: The use of AI and robots to automate tasks and processes in the workplace, potentially reducing the need for human labor (Goyar).

Wage Gap: The difference in earnings between different groups of workers, which may widen due to AI's impact on the job market.

Writers Guild of America (WGA): A labor union representing professional writers working in the film, television, radio, and new media industries in the United States.

Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA): A labor union representing actors, announcers, broadcast journalists, dancers, DJs, news writers, and other media professionals in the entertainment industry.

Workers' Rights: Employees' legal and ethical entitlements to fair wages, safe working conditions, and collective bargaining (Hirsch).

CONNOTATION

Today, artificial intelligence's rapid advancement and integration into various industries have made the issue of job displacement and ethics more relevant than ever. Automation and AI technologies have shown significant potential to revolutionize industries, but they also raise ethical concerns in regards to social and economic implications (Goyar).

The contemporary relevance of this issue is highlighted by the ongoing discussions in labor unions and entertainment industries. For instance, in the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) strikes, issues surrounding fair compensation, job security, and the use of AI-generated content have become critical points of contention (Ward).

Artificial intelligence's impact on the entertainment industry has become a highly relevant and contemporary issue in recent years. As technology advances, AI is transforming various aspects of entertainment, including content creation, distribution, recommendation systems, and audience engagement. Its relevance in the entertainment industry is driven by its potential to streamline production processes, improve content discovery for consumers, and create personalized experiences (Trachim). The utilization of AI algorithms in content creation and recommendation systems has become increasingly prevalent, leading to both opportunities and concerns for professionals in the industry.

AI-generated content, such as scripts, music, and artwork, has been a topic of discussion among industry professionals and audiences. This type of content raises questions about artistic integrity, intellectual property, and the future role of human creators (Ward). While there has yet to be a movie shot and released entirely created by artificial intelligence, the possibility is higher than ever because there is already a precedent of studios using AI instead of humans. Production costs have been diminished through studios using AI tools to enhance and quicken visual effects and animation processes.

AI is already being integrated into entertainment consumption. Streaming services like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Spotify utilize AI algorithms to recommend content to users based on their viewing or listening behavior. This personalized approach has gained popularity and has contributed to the success of these platforms (Trachim).

The increasing use of AI in entertainment has also raised concerns among labor unions, such as the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and Screen Actors Guild (SAG). There have been debates about how AI might affect job opportunities for writers, actors, and other industry professionals (Galván). On the other end is the entertainment studios; these companies are investing in AI technologies to improve efficiency, content curation, and audience engagement. With two very different stances on the subject, discussions about the ethical use of AI in entertainment, such as preventing deep fake misuse or ensuring diverse representation in content recommendations, have gained traction (Ward).

OPPOSING / DIVERGENT VIEWS

Proponents of AI argue that automation can lead to increased efficiency, productivity, and innovation in industries. They believe that while AI may replace some jobs, new job opportunities will emerge, leading to a more dynamic and technologically advanced workforce. They also suggest that humans can transition into more creative and complex roles, leaving repetitive tasks to AI systems (Newhard).

On the other hand, opponents raise concerns about the potential loss of jobs and the impact on livelihoods, particularly for low-skilled workers. There are worries about economic inequality and the concentration of wealth among those who control AI technologies and industries. Critics argue that displacing human workers without adequate social safety nets can exacerbate income inequality (Galván).

SYSTEMS / MODEL / THEORIES:

One relevant model in this context is the Luddite Fallacy. This theory suggests that technological advancements, including AI, lead to temporary job displacement, but in the long run, new jobs and industries emerge, ultimately benefiting society (Jumle). However, this model has been questioned in the face of rapid AI integration, as job transitions may not be as smooth as predicted.

Another critical theory is Universal Basic Income (UBI), which proposes providing every citizen with a regular and unconditional income, regardless of employment status. UBI is a potential solution to address the challenges of job displacement and economic inequality caused by AI ("What is…"). By providing a safety net, UBI aims to support individuals during periods of job transition and economic shifts.

A key model in this debate is the "Ethical AI Framework" proposed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). This framework outlines principles such as transparency, accountability, and fairness, providing guidelines for developers and organizations to create AI systems that prioritize ethical considerations (Peters Vold et al.).

The chart to the left is a primary poll of an average US citizen's trust in various topics regarding AI (US Public Opinion).

CONCLUSION

The WGA and SAG-AFTRA strikes serve as crucial turning points in the ongoing discussions about ethics in AI, particularly in the entertainment industry. These labor movements put a spotlight on ethical dilemmas surrounding job displacement, workers' rights, and the responsibilities of AI creators and employers. As the field of AI continues to evolve, it is essential for stakeholders, policymakers, and society as a whole to engage in thoughtful discussions about the ethical implications of AI technology and to work towards ensuring that AI benefits humanity while upholding fundamental values and principles.

THESIS

The advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has ushered in an era of technological transformation with profound ethical implications, particularly concerning its impact on human jobs. The implementation of these technologies has created an intricate relationship between artificial intelligence and employment dynamics; consequences of this implementation are reflected within the strikes orchestrated by the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA). Through an analysis of the intersection of AI technology, workforce disruptions, and labor movements within the entertainment industry, I will illuminate the multifaceted ethical considerations that emerge as AI redefines traditional employment.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. Ward, Kim."Hollywood actors' strike: MSU experts can comment" Michigan State University, July 17, 2023. https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2023/hollywood-actors- strike-msu- experts-can- comment

“Hollywood actors' strike: MSU experts can comment” discusses the joint strike of the Screen Actors’ Guild Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) and the Writers’ Guild of America (WGA), which has effectively shut down Hollywood. The main issues at hand are fair compensation in the streaming era and the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in the entertainment industry. The article also explores the perspectives of various experts and their analysis of the strikes' implications on the film and television industry, AI, and the changing landscape of work.

The strikes have immediate and long-term effects. The writer's strike will disrupt television and film production once the existing material runs out. The actors' strike, on the other hand, has an instant effect, causing uncertainty in the fall television season and delaying upcoming film productions. The changing dynamics of content production, driven by streaming, have disrupted traditional compensation models. In the past, actors and writers were compensated on a per-episode basis, including future broadcasts. However, the rise of streaming has shifted these dynamics. Shorter seasons and AI-generated content have impacted incomes, residuals, and career prospects for actors and writers alike.

The emergence of AI has raised concerns among creative professionals, as new generative AI models threaten to automate aspects of their work. Both the Writers' Guild and SAG-AFTRA are demanding that studios not use their material to train AI models. The widespread use of AI in the entertainment industry could potentially shift the power balance between studios and creatives, affecting economic distribution and the roles of various entities involved.

Ward draws on experts from diverse fields, adding credibility to its analysis. William Vincent and Jeff Wray provide insights from the film studies perspective, focusing on the immediate and long-term consequences of the strikes on the industry. Anjana Susarla contributes expertise on AI's societal transformation, discussing how it affects creative content professionals and the evolving power dynamics between studios and creatives. Michelle Kaminski's expertise in labor law and collective bargaining lends depth to the exploration of labor activism and changing power balances.

The relevance of this essay to AI and its implications on the job market is evident through the in-depth exploration of how technological changes intersect with labor struggles. The strikes illustrate the complexities of adapting to AI-driven disruptions in creative fields, echoing concerns across various sectors. This is particularly relevant to the Writers' Guild and SAG-AFTRA strikes, as they provide a tangible example of how AI impacts actors and writers, showcasing potential challenges and solutions.

2. Davis, Nicholas. "The Anatomy of Technology Regulation" Brookings Institution, February 17, 2022, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-anatomy-of-technology -regulation/. Accessed 7 August 2023.

The op-ed titled "The Anatomy of Technology Regulation" discusses the complex reality of technology regulation in the 2020s and how it is influenced by a variety of factors beyond ideologies. The primary intent of the piece is to highlight the intricate and multifaceted nature of technology policy development and implementation across different countries, challenging the oversimplified narrative that attributes regulatory differences solely to ideological differences.

The essay identifies three key barriers that shape technology policy choices within jurisdictions. The first jurisdiction is constitutional and legal limits; each country's legal framework, constitutional decision-making authority, and existing agreements with other states or entities establish boundaries that policymakers find challenging to surpass. These boundaries create a framework within which policy decisions must operate. Secondly, the lack of political cohesion, public support, or consensus among key stakeholders can hinder the formulation and execution of effective policies. Political differences within a jurisdiction, especially where control of branches of government rests with different parties, can lead to policy gridlock. The last issue faced is the government's capacity for implementation. The inability of governments to effectively implement and enforce policies due to factors like budget constraints, personnel shortages, and inadequate infrastructure can limit the impact of policy decisions.

Additionally, the essay outlines five primary factors that contribute to policy divergences among similar countries. The first factor revolves around the balance of state power, where regulatory approaches determine the concentration of governmental authority and its delegation to different entities and interest groups. This process shapes the redistribution of resources among stakeholders, encompassing state bureaucracies and business associations. The second factor, national output, and productivity, sheds light on technology-related policies that reinforce a nation's economic prowess. These policies sway between protectionist strategies and market liberalization, demanding policymakers to evaluate repercussions on both domestic and global scales. The third factor, national security, highlights the intricate connection between technology policies and a country's security. The fourth factor, consumer rights, and protections, illuminates the multifaceted nature of technology policies aimed at harmonizing consumer choices, market competitiveness, and affordable prices. Lastly, the fifth factor, policymakers' power, unveils the inherent inclination of policymakers to champion measures that consolidate their authority. Their propensity to prioritize policies aligning with influential stakeholders while forsaking unpopular ones shapes the policy landscape. These five factors combine to explain policy differences among countries sharing similar characteristics.

The essay's credibility is supported by its in-depth analysis of the intricate factors influencing technology policy, avoiding simplistic generalizations. The relevance of this essay to the topic of AI and its implications on the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) strikes lies in the understanding that the development of AI and automation in the entertainment industry is influenced by a multitude of factors, including political ideologies, economic considerations, and national security concerns.

The WGA and SAG-AFTRA strikes are responses to the changing landscape of entertainment, where AI and automation threaten traditional job roles. The essay's insights underscore that technology policy decisions involve intricate trade-offs and incentives, including economic impact, national security, and stakeholder interests. The strikes can be analyzed within this context, where concerns about job displacement, economic security, and creative autonomy clash with potential gains in efficiency and innovation driven by AI.

3. Rockwell, Anyoha. "The History of Artificial Intelligence" Harvard University, August 28, 2017. https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2017/history-artificial-intelligence/

The article titled "The History of Artificial Intelligence" provides a historical overview of the development and progress of artificial intelligence (AI) from the mid-20th century to the present day. The author explores the origins of AI concepts in science fiction, the ideas of Alan Turing, the challenges faced by early AI researchers, key breakthroughs, setbacks, and the current state of AI technology. The essay also looks into the implications of AI on various industries and discusses potential future developments, including language processing, driverless cars, and the pursuit of general intelligence.

The primary purpose of the article is to trace the evolution of AI research, highlight its significant milestones, and speculate on its future impact. Rockwell describes how early pioneers, like Alan Turing, proposed the idea of creating machines that could reason and solve problems like humans. It covers the hurdles faced by early AI researchers due to limited computational power and funding, as well as the revival of AI in the 1980s through techniques like deep learning and expert systems. The essay emphasizes that the progress of AI has been closely linked to advancements in computational power and the ability to process massive amounts of data.

In the context of AI's implications on the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and Screen Actors Guild (SAG) strikes, the essay offers insights into the broader landscape of how technological advancements, particularly in AI, impact various job markets. The WGA and SAG strikes primarily revolve around issues related to compensation and rights in the entertainment industry. While the essay doesn't directly address these strikes, it does discuss the transformative potential of AI in various industries, including entertainment, which could have an impact on job roles, workflow, and creative processes. 

4. Hirsch, Jeffrey. "Worker-protection laws aren't ready for an automated future." Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2023. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/DDGJEH487743765/OVIC?u=cclc_clovis&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=a2bfc1a1. Accessed 1 Aug. 2023. Originally published as "Worker-protection laws aren't ready for an automated future," The Conversation, 28 Aug. 2019.

The essay "Worker-protection laws aren't ready for an automated future" discusses the impact of emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), on workplace laws and regulations in the United States. The author, a labor and employment law scholar, emphasizes that current workplace laws are outdated and ill-equipped to handle the challenges posed by advanced technologies, including AI. The essay explores the implications of these changes on workers' rights, surveillance, and privacy.

This essay highlights how technological advancements, such as AI, automation, robotics, and advanced monitoring systems, are reshaping workplaces in ways that necessitate significant updates to employment laws. The author presents various scenarios to illustrate the potential consequences of these changes. Hirsch argues that unless comprehensive modifications are made to existing laws, workers' privacy and protections will be compromised, and discrimination and bias facilitated by AI could exacerbate existing problems.

With regard to AI's implications on the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and Screen Actors Guild (SAG) strikes, the essay's relevance lies in its examination of how technology and automation affect employment laws and workers' rights. The strikes could be driven in part by concerns about fair compensation and protections for creative workers in a rapidly changing industry. The gig economy's reliance on technology to classify workers as independent contractors could also resonate with the concerns of freelance writers and actors who seek better working conditions and benefits.

The essay's credibility is established by the author's expertise as a labor and employment law scholar and their focus on technology's impact on the workplace. Additionally, the essay provides real-world examples and references to reputable sources, such as government regulations and news articles, to support its arguments.

The essay emphasizes the urgency of updating employment laws to address the challenges posed by emerging technologies like AI. Its relevance to the WGA and SAG strikes lies in its examination of the gig economy and the potential exploitation of workers due to inadequate legal protections in the face of technological advancements. The essay serves as a cautionary analysis of the potential consequences of not adapting workplace laws to the evolving job market shaped by AI and automation.

5. Galván, Astrid. "Hollywood actors say strike is a battle for workers' rights amid AI's rise" Axios, July 18, 2023. https://www.axios.com/2023/07/18/hollywood-strike-sag-aftra-wga

The essay highlights a significant strike in the Hollywood industry, with a focus on the ongoing battle for workers' rights in the context of the rising influence of generative AI. Actors and writers have united in their protests, challenging the practices of major studios and advocating for fair compensation and treatment. The primary concern centers around the integration of AI technology in the entertainment sector, which could potentially undermine job security and wages. The essay addresses the relevance and implications of this strike in the context of AI's impact on the job market, particularly within the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and Screen Actors Guild (SAG) strikes.

The central intent of the essay is to illuminate the convergence of labor rights and the increasing prevalence of AI in the entertainment industry. It stresses that the current strike isn't merely about the earnings of A-list celebrities, but also about the rights and conditions of emerging actors and writers grappling with the industry's transformation due to streaming services and AI technology. The actors and writers are demanding equitable pay, protection against AI replacing human roles, and the preservation of their dignity in a technologically advancing world.

The relevance of this essay to AI's impact on the job market, particularly the WGA and SAG strikes, is substantial. The Writers Guild of America strike and the Screen Actors Guild strike are examples of how technological advancements, including AI, intersect with labor concerns in the entertainment industry. AI's potential to generate content, scripts, and even replicate human actors raises pertinent questions for both writers and actors. The WGA strike reflects concerns about fair compensation and attribution for AI-generated content. Similarly, the SAG strike demonstrates the actors' apprehensions about AI-generated characters potentially replacing their roles, impacting their income and job opportunities. This essay's insights align with the core issues addressed in these strikes, offering a broader perspective on the challenges posed by AI to different segments of the entertainment workforce.

The essay appears credible due to its use of direct quotes from union members, actors, and representatives of both sides. Overall, Galván’s insights resonate with broader discussions on AI's influence on job markets and workers' rights.

The essay effectively captures the essence of the Hollywood strike and its connection to the rise of generative AI. It underscores the actors' and writers' concerns about equitable compensation, job security, and dignity in an industry grappling with technological shifts. It serves as a pertinent example of how technological disruptions impact various segments of the job market, shedding light on the evolving landscape of work in the age of AI.

6.  Trachim, Alexa. "AI-powered streaming service – how does it transform media consumption?" InData Labs, March 16, 2023. https://indatalabs.com/blog/ai-powered-stre aming-service

In this article, “AI-powered streaming service – how does it transform media consumption?" written by Alexa Trachim, the author discusses how artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the entertainment industry through AI-powered streaming services. These services, exemplified by platforms like Netflix, Hulu, and Spotify, utilize AI algorithms to enhance user experiences, personalize content recommendations, improve content creation and distribution, and shape the future of media consumption. The author explores the various ways AI is integrated into streaming services, including machine learning, natural language processing (NLP), computer vision, and more. The benefits of AI in this context include improved user experiences through personalization, more efficient content creation and distribution, better decision-making for providers, and numerous additional advantages like accessibility improvements, video indexing, and resource optimization.

Trachim highlights the profound impact of AI on streaming services, showcasing how AI algorithms enable platforms to cater to individual preferences and habits. The relevance of this topic to the job market, especially in relation to the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and Screen Actors Guild (SAG) strikes, is notable. These strikes were largely driven by concerns over fair compensation and working conditions as streaming platforms disrupted traditional entertainment models. The adoption of AI-powered streaming services further highlights the shifting landscape and its implications for writers, actors, and other creative professionals.

In the context of the WGA and SAG strikes, AI's involvement in content creation and distribution bears significant implications. As content creators historically advocate for equitable compensation, the rise of AI prompts considerations about wages in an industry increasingly reliant on algorithm-generated content. The article discusses AI's capability to analyze trends and forecast user preferences, potentially influencing content production and distribution. This dynamic sets the stage for a potential clash between traditional creators and AI-driven content, posing a challenge for human writers and actors. Moreover, Trachim highlights AI's potential to heighten user experiences through personalized content recommendations, yet this personalization could inadvertently fragment the market, impacting writers and actors catering to niche audiences. While AI tailors content, it might inadvertently prioritize mass appeal, raising questions about inclusivity and diverse representation, echoing industry debates. Ethical concerns like algorithm bias and data protection briefly addressed in the article further intersect with the strikes. These concerns converge with anxieties about data privacy and the use of personal information to inform AI algorithms, triggering discussions on transparent data practices. This connection extends to negotiations around contracts and licensing agreements for writers and actors in the streaming sphere, underscoring the multifaceted implications of AI on these labor unions' pursuits.

The article offers a comprehensive overview of AI-powered streaming services, explaining AI algorithms like machine learning, NLP, and computer vision, and providing examples from established platforms. However, it lacks specific citations or references to external sources, which reduces its credibility.

7. Newhard, Joseph Michael. "Artificial Intelligence Can Spark Job Growth." Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2023. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, link.gale.com/apps/doc/RHFXAU860117222/OVIC?u=cclc_clovis&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=70344c81. Accessed 1 Aug. 2023. Originally published as "Robots Are Not Your Economic Enemy," Foundation for Economic Education, 19 June 2017.

The essay, “Artificial Intelligence Can Spark Job Growth” begins by addressing the concerns about the impact of automation and robots on the job market. It highlights the views of prominent figures such as physicist Stephen Hawking, Tesla CEO Elon Musk, and Bill Gates, who all expressed concerns about automation potentially leading to mass unemployment.

The main intent of the essay is to challenge these dystopian projections and argue that automation, far from causing permanent joblessness, actually leads to the creation of new jobs and higher living standards. The author contends that while some jobs may be rendered obsolete due to automation, the overall number of jobs available is not reduced. This argument is based on the concept that human desires for goods and services are unlimited, leading to new demands and opportunities that drive job creation. The essay draws parallels between the historical development of professions like actors, musicians, and writers and the potential for new jobs to emerge as automation frees up labor from tasks that were once essential but can now be automated. It asserts that automation increases the efficiency of production, leading to lower costs of goods and services. This, in turn, raises real wages, boosts labor demand in other sectors, and facilitates the emergence of new jobs to meet evolving demands.

The analysis addresses the potential effects of automation on workers, classifying them into three categories: those who move into new industries, those who benefit from lower costs of goods, and those who might move into jobs paying less, but still not necessarily experiencing a decrease in overall living standards.

The relevance of the essay to AI and its implications on the Writers Guild of America (WGA) and Screen Actors Guild (SAG) strikes lies in its assertion that automation historically leads to the emergence of new jobs and higher living standards. The WGA and SAG strikes are often motivated by concerns about fair compensation, job security, and the impact of technological changes on the entertainment industry. The essay's argument that automation expands job opportunities could provide a perspective that counters the fears of job displacement due to AI in these sectors.

The credibility of the essay lies in its logical and historical arguments, drawing from economic principles and historical examples. However, the essay's perspective is one side of the ongoing debate about the impact of automation on the job market. While it highlights historical patterns of job creation, it may not fully account for the potential disruptions and challenges that rapid advancements in AI and automation might bring.

In conclusion, the essay challenges pessimistic views about automation and job displacement, asserting that automation has historically led to the emergence of new jobs and increased living standards. Its relevance to the AI discussion, particularly in relation to the WGA and SAG strikes, lies in its potential to offer a counter perspective that emphasizes the potential for job creation despite technological advancements. However, the essay's perspective should be considered alongside other viewpoints and factors affecting the job market in the age of AI.

8. Goyar, Piyush. "The Impact of AI on Job Displacement: Exploring Possibilities and Implications" Linkedin, May 19, 2023. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/impact-ai-job- displacement-exploring-possibilities-piyush-goyar#:~:text=Possibilities%20of%20Job%20Displacement%3A,are%20more%20susceptible%20to%20automation. 

The essay "The Impact of AI on Job Displacement: Exploring Possibilities and Implications" by Piyush Goyar provides a comprehensive exploration of the complex relationship between AI and job displacement, offering insights into the potential consequences and strategies for addressing these challenges.

The essay is structured around several key points. First, it explores the potential for job displacement due to AI, highlighting its capacity to automate routine tasks across industries and identifying algorithmically performable tasks as particularly susceptible. This encompasses instances like the use of AI-powered robots in manufacturing and chatbots in customer service. It then delves into the evolving nature of work in the face of AI advancements, suggesting that historical trends reveal technology's transformative rather than job-obliterating impact. This is grounded in the idea that automation of routine tasks can pave the way for novel opportunities that demand uniquely human attributes such as creativity, emotional intelligence, and adaptability. Furthermore, the essay emphasizes the importance of reskilling and upskilling programs to counteract adverse job displacement effects. It highlights the role of lifelong learning initiatives in aligning individuals' skill sets with the demands of an AI-oriented job market. Collaborative efforts among governments, educational institutions, and organizations are proposed to ensure accessible and affordable training opportunities. Lastly, Goyar discusses the ethical considerations and broader societal impact of job displacement. It advocates for robust support systems that aid transitioning workers and emphasizes the significance of regulations and policies to address issues like income inequality and job polarization, thereby ensuring equitable distribution of AI's benefits throughout society.

The essay's insights on AI and job displacement hold direct relevance to the ongoing Writers Guild of America (WGA) and Screen Actors Guild (SAG) strikes, which historically center on fair compensation and working conditions for entertainment industry professionals. With the emergence of AI, there's potential for a transformative impact on roles traditionally held by writers and actors. AI's capacity to automate routine tasks, such as script generation or even acting through deep learning algorithms, aligns with the essay's discussion on job displacement and the evolving nature of work. Consequently, the strikes might be motivated by concerns surrounding job security and the preservation of human creativity in the face of impending automation. Moreover, the essay's emphasis on reskilling and adaptability bears relevance to these strikes. As AI integration reshapes the entertainment landscape, writers and actors could require new skills to remain pertinent. The negotiations could encompass requests for training initiatives or assurances of support during transitions to roles that capitalize on their distinctive creativity and talents, mirroring the essay's recommendations.

The essay demonstrates credibility through its comprehensive exploration of AI's impact on the job market. It provides a balanced view of both the potential for job displacement and the historical trend of technology transforming work rather than entirely eliminating jobs. The essay's emphasis on ethical considerations and societal impact adds depth, addressing the broader consequences beyond economic aspects.

The essay "AI and Job Displacement: Possibilities, Implications, and Adaptation" provides a thorough analysis of the complex relationship between AI and job displacement. Its relevance to the WGA and SAG strikes lies in the potential impacts of AI on the entertainment industry's workforce. The essay's insights into the changing nature of work, reskilling, and ethical considerations contribute to the ongoing discussions on the effects of AI on jobs, supporting the need for comprehensive strategies to address these challenges.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Quantitative Research:

Los Angeles Times Poll:

Age-Based Variations in Concern:

Younger Age Group (18-34): This demographic demonstrates the highest level of concern about AI and its impact on jobs, with 57% expressing worries. This heightened concern among younger individuals may reflect their awareness of the rapidly evolving job landscape due to technological advancements like AI. It may also suggest that younger workers are more attuned to the ethical considerations surrounding job displacement.

Middle-Age Group (35-54): The middle-age group also expresses significant concern, with 46% sharing apprehensions. This demographic's concern could be attributed to concerns about job stability, career continuity, and the impact of AI on their current and future employment prospects.

Older Age Group (55+): The older age group exhibits the lowest level of concern at 37%. This might be because older individuals are less directly impacted by AI or are less aware of its potential implications for their jobs.

Concern Across All Age Groups: It's notable that even within the age group showing the lowest level of concern (55+), a significant portion (37%) is still worried about AI's impact on jobs. This indicates that concerns about job displacement due to AI are not limited to specific age cohorts but are a topic of broader societal interest.

Not Working Due to AI Concerns: The data reveals that a portion of respondents across all age groups (ranging from 9% to 10%) is not working. This data could suggest that some individuals have already experienced job displacement as a result of AI. These individuals could potentially be relevant case studies for understanding the real-world impact of AI on employment.

Potential for Ethical Concerns: The data indirectly suggests the potential ethical concerns surrounding AI's impact on jobs. Concerns are not limited to job loss but also encompass job stability, fair compensation, and the broader societal implications of technological advancements.

Need for Ethical Considerations and Policies: The data highlights the importance of ethical considerations and policies related to AI's impact on human jobs. Policymakers and industry stakeholders should take into account the concerns expressed across age groups and work toward addressing these issues to ensure fair and ethical transitions in the job market.

In the context of the WGA and SAG-AFTRA strikes, this data can be used to emphasize the relevance of job displacement concerns due to technological advancements like AI. It underscores the importance of considering the ethical implications of AI in entertainment industries, where workforce disruptions can have profound effects on creative professionals. Furthermore, this data can inform discussions on the role of unions and collective bargaining in addressing AI-related job concerns within these sectors.

Qualitative Research:

Union Press Releases

WGA Official Press Release: “Negotiations Update 8-24-23”:

The press release from the WGA Negotiating Committee primarily discusses their ongoing strike and negotiations with the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP). While the press release does not directly relate to the topic of ethics in artificial intelligence (AI) and its implications on human jobs, there are some key statements that can be identified in relation to this topic:

1. “[AMPTP] address[es] the existential threats to the profession of writing and to our individual careers, all caused by changes to the business model implemented by the companies in the last seven to ten years. We stressed that we could not and would not pick and choose among those threats; that we have not struck for nearly four months to half-save ourselves, nor are we leaving any sector of this Guild unprotected when we return to work. We are willing to negotiate within these areas, but every existential issue must be met with a genuine solution.”

The press release mentions that writers are concerned about existential threats in the industry, which could relate to concerns about the impact of AI on human jobs. AI and automation are often discussed in terms of their potential to replace human workers, which can be seen as an existential threat to certain job sectors.

2. “We have had real discussions and seen movement on their part regarding AI protections. But we are not yet where we need to be. As one example, they continue to refuse to regulate the use of our work to train AI to write new content for a motion picture.”

The statement acknowledges progress in discussions regarding AI protections but highlights persisting ethical concerns, notably the refusal to regulate the use of writers' work for training AI to generate new content for motion pictures. This refusal underscores a crucial ethical dilemma, as it raises questions about intellectual property rights, creative ownership, and the potential for AI to replace human creativity in the entertainment industry, ultimately impacting human jobs. While there is movement in addressing AI-related ethical issues, this statement emphasizes the need for comprehensive regulations and safeguards to ensure responsible AI use while protecting the interests of human workers, aligning with the broader conversation on the ethical implications of AI for employment.

3. “At the end of the meeting, the companies told us they intended to go directly to our membership by releasing information on their August 11th proposal to the media “within the next 24 hours.” They released a six-page document 20 minutes after the meeting concluded. This should be seen as what it is: simply a tactic in the middle of an ongoing negotiation.”

This statement suggests that the companies' strategy is not to bargain but to pressure the writers to give in. In the context of AI ethics, this might draw parallels to concerns about companies' strategies in implementing AI, where there could be concerns about ethics being compromised for the sake of profit. This statement highlights the innate distrust that the union has towards the large corporations and calls their overall ethics into question.

SAG-AFTRA Official Press Release: “SAG-AFTRA National Board Votes Unanimously to Send Interactive Media (Video Game) Strike Authorization Vote to Members”:

• 1. “Work under the Interactive Media Agreement also includes a great deal of “performance capture,” where trained professionals, many of whom are stunt performers, provide digitally captured performances used to give expressive movement to video game characters. Unregulated use of AI poses an enormous threat to these artists’ professions.”

The press release emphasizes that the video game companies have failed to address critical needs of SAG-AFTRA members, including concerns related to the unrestrained use of artificial intelligence. This underscores a key ethical issue in the context of AI – the need for protections and regulations to ensure AI does not jeopardize job opportunities or working conditions.

2. “Once again we are facing employer greed and disrespect. Once again artificial intelligence is putting our members in jeopardy of reducing their opportunity to work. And once again, SAG-AFTRA is standing up to tyranny on behalf of its members,” said SAG-AFTRA President Fran Drescher. “The overlap of these two SAG-AFTRA contracts is no coincidence, but rather a predictable issue impacting our industry as well as others all over the world. The disease of greed is spreading like wildfire ready to burn workers out of their livelihoods and humans out of their usefulness. We at SAG-AFTRA say NO! Not on our watch!”

The release highlights the overlap between different SAG-AFTRA contracts and how issues related to AI and wage fairness impact multiple sectors within the entertainment industry. It points out the influence of corporate interests and "employer greed" on workers' livelihoods, drawing attention to the ethical implications of AI's role in decision-making processes.

3. “In addition to AI protections, SAG-AFTRA is seeking the same wage increases for video game performers as for those who work under the film and television contracts: 11% retroactive to expiration and 4% increases in the second and third years of the agreement — necessary for members’ wages to keep up with inflation.”

SAG-AFTRA is seeking wage increases for video game performers and contractual protections, similar to those in the film and television contracts. This highlights the ethical dimension of ensuring fair compensation for workers, even in the face of technological advancements like AI.

4. “The voice and performance capture artists who bring video game characters to life deserve a contract that reflects the value they bring to the multibillion-dollar gaming industry. Voice and performance capture AI are already among the most advanced uses of AI: the threat is here and it is real. Without contractual protections, the employers are asking performers to unknowingly participate in the extinction of their artistry and livelihoods.”

The union is advocating for protective language in the contract that requires informed consent and appropriate payment for the creation and use of digital replicas and training AI systems using members' performances. This raises ethical considerations related to data privacy, consent, and fair compensation in the era of AI-generated content.

5. “A successful strike authorization vote doesn’t initiate a strike. Instead, the strike authorization permits the National Board to declare a strike if the video game companies fail to negotiate fairly with SAG-AFTRA for the benefit of its members. The union is fighting for protective language in the contract that will require informed consent and appropriate payment for the creation and use of digital replicas and for training AI systems with our members’ performances.”

The press release explains that a successful strike authorization vote doesn't immediately initiate a strike but allows the National Board to declare a strike if negotiations with video game companies fail to benefit SAG-AFTRA members fairly. This underscores the importance of collective action and bargaining power in addressing AI-related job concerns.

First Hand Stories from WGA Writers

In the personal stories shared by the WGA writers, several key statements and themes are relevant in regards to the ethics of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its implications on human jobs in the context of the WGA and SAG-AFTRA strikes.

Personal Anecdote from an Episodic Writer:

• 1. “I have been a member of the WGA for over 20 years, and have written for, produced, and created shows for just about every broadcast network and streaming entity, most recently on an overall deal with a streaming company. In the past few years, things have drastically changed.”

The writer mentions that in the past few years, there has been a significant change in the industry. This suggests that technological advancements, potentially related to AI and data models, have influenced the way content is produced and distributed, which can be explored in the context of AI's impact on creative industries and job dynamics.

• 2. “Last October, I was given an ultimatum. In order for my overall deal to be renewed, I needed to “help with strike planning” by accelerating the time frame on a new series I had in development. Even if I had been willing to compromise my values to do this, it was logistically impossible.”

The ultimatum presented to the writer to accelerate a new series development in the context of a strike implies the pressure placed on creatives to meet production demands, potentially at the expense of their creative values and work conditions. This highlights the potential ethical dilemmas faced by writers in the industry when AI-driven efficiencies are prioritized over creative autonomy and job stability.

• 3. “Due to their unwillingness to pay for writers other than myself to be on set, there was no way I could simultaneously run a new room on an accelerated time frame while also being the sole writer/producer/showrunner on my current show. 

• I said no. They called my bluff and cut my deal. But, once I was done shooting, they still wanted that limited series. So, they ordered a mini-room and a series document. In this mini-room, I was given one additional writer. And when I asked for a writers’ assistant to be hired, they said no, explaining, “We don’t want to set a precedent for having writers’ assistants in mini-rooms. I lost it. No writers’ assistant? Not only does the lack of staff make it IMPOSSIBLE to do the work of inventing the world of a TV show, a process I have spent twenty years learning to do, it makes it impossible for anyone to learn and train from me.”

The writer's frustration with the lack of staff and refusal to hire a writers' assistant highlights the importance of support roles in creative processes. This relates to the potential displacement of jobs and the impact on the training and mentorship of future writers in an environment influenced by AI and tech companies. Also, it is made apparent that the companies involved in producing shows have no issue cutting corners by not contracting an appropriate amount of writers, which calls into question their integrity in the context of replacing human writers with artificial intelligence. 

5. “Tech companies come along with data models that they think improve the way content is distributed. Fine. But they show no understanding, respect, or appreciation for the way worlds are built in writers’ rooms. The way the television stories people love are actually told. We had a system that worked beautifully and I have personally witnessed them breaking it. It’s time to stop and say enough.”

The writer expresses frustration with tech companies' lack of understanding and respect for traditional creative processes in writers' rooms. This sentiment reflects the broader debate about how tech-driven changes, including AI, may disrupt established industry practices and raise ethical concerns related to job security, creative autonomy, and the quality of content produced.

Personal Anecdote from a Screenwriter:

1. “One of the things feature writers are fighting for this strike is to finally make the studios admit that it doesn’t matter if you’re writing for the big screen or streaming. The work is the same, so the pay should be too… Currently, a giant loophole the studios can use to pay screenwriters less is to call a streaming movie “Made For TV” which has lower base rates than theatrical movies.”

The writer emphasizes the importance of equal pay for screenwriters, regardless of whether they are writing for the big screen or for streaming platforms. This statement highlights a key ethical concern, as it questions the fairness of compensation in an industry undergoing significant technological changes driven by streaming and AI.

2. “We spent months developing our idea and pitching it to talent, executives, re-pitching wherever needed, and we were finally offered the job. Except… when the initial offer came in, not only was it nowhere close to our quote, it seemed to be below what I understood to even be the guild screenplay minimums. Well, it turned out since it was for Disney+ we had actually been pitching on a “TV movie” the whole time and no one told us there’s a huge contractual difference.”

The personal story illustrates a situation where the writer and their partner were unaware of a significant contractual difference between writing for streaming and traditional theatrical releases. The revelation of this difference, after months of work, underscores the challenges and potential pitfalls for writers in an evolving media landscape impacted by streaming. The withholding of this information until after the pitch calls into question the morality and ethics of the studios.

3. “Currently, a giant loophole the studios can use to pay screenwriters less is to call a streaming movie “Made For TV” which has lower base rates than theatrical movies.”

Loopholes and Lower Base Rates: The writer highlights a significant loophole that allows studios to pay screenwriters less by categorizing streaming movies as "Made For TV," which has lower base rates. This not only raises ethical questions about fair compensation but also points to potential exploitative practices within the industry, such exploitative practices are likely to continue in the context of artificial intelligence

4. “I was told my work wouldn’t be credited because it didn’t reach the much higher 50% threshold that TV movies have versus theatrical features.”

The story mentions the negative impact of this contractual distinction on rights and crediting for screenwriters. The writer's experience with arbitration and the 50% threshold for TV movies versus theatrical features underscores how the categorization of content can affect job security and recognition for writers. This is another example of an existing practice that negatively impacts writers that could be exacerbated by the presence of artificial intelligence.

PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE AND CONCLUSION

The research and analysis presented underscores the importance of acknowledging and addressing concerns about the impact of artificial intelligence on jobs across age groups and industries, the television and film industries in particular. It highlights the need for ethical considerations and policies that prioritize fair treatment, job security, and creative autonomy in the face of technological advancements.

In the entertainment industry, as exemplified by the WGA and SAG-AFTRA strikes, the convergence of AI and creative work poses significant ethical challenges. These challenges include issues of fair compensation, creative ownership, and the potential displacement of human creativity. The stories from writers and the statements from unions emphasize the need for collective action and bargaining power to protect the interests of workers in these evolving job landscapes.

In conclusion, addressing the ethical implications of AI on employment is a complex and multifaceted task that requires the involvement of policymakers, industry stakeholders, and society as a whole. It is imperative to strike a balance between embracing technological advancements and ensuring that they do not compromise the rights, job security, and creative integrity of individuals in the workforce.

When discussing the role of artificial intelligence in the workforce with a family friend, who is the founder and CEO of a Fortune 500 technology company, I asked him his thoughts on the matter. To which he replied, “the utopian solution is to have AI complete basic and mindless tasks that are not desirable for humans to complete”. Having artificial intelligence perform jobs such as data entry or factory work and leaving the “fun” work like interior design or fashion design does seem like a solution that most humans would support. However, the key word in that phrase is “utopia”. The United States is not a utopia. The United States is already seeing artificial intelligence bleed into “fun” industries. Writing for and acting in TV and film is a dream job for millions of people worldwide. If AI takes over an industry that holds some of the most coveted professions, what will be left for the rest of the world? 

It is evident that the impact of AI on employment has gone beyond basic and mindless tasks. As an interior design major and future film set decorator, the nature of the WGA and SAG strikes and the rapid evolution of AI worries me. My primary concern is the potential displacement of human workers by AI in creative industries. AI, powered by machine learning and data analysis, can generate designs, scripts, and other creative content. This raises fears of competition with AI and the possibility of reduced job opportunities. Another grievance I have with the role of AI in creative industries is the lack of artistic integrity. AI-generated content lacks the depth, nuance, and uniqueness that human creativity brings to projects. 

While I have my fears and anxieties, I also have my faith in the human spirit. I believe that art created by humans will always be more beloved. There is an innate beauty in humanity that artificial intelligence, in my opinion, could never even attempt capture. Humans look to art and design for emotional resonance and understanding. It would be irresponsible to have artificial intelligence take over such a vulnerable task. 

One of the most effective ways to ensure that artificial intelligence does not creep in to every sector of human life is to stand up to it; Something the WGA writers and SAG-AFTRA writers have already motioned to do. Consumers can join the fight by boycotting content, media, and art created by artificial intelligence. Steps that I will take to ensure my own job security is to stay informed about AI developments, cultivate adaptable skills, and advocate for fair treatment and ethical practices in their industries. 

Artificial intelligence is imminent, but it is not lethal. The future will require a balance between human creativity and AI assistance. Proactive engagement with these changes will be key to success and job satisfaction in all industries. Change is uncomfortable and scary. The entertainment industry is among the first of many industries being threatened by AI, but those in the industry were quick to fight for change. The WGA writers have been striking for 137 days, which is a true testament to the indomitable human spirit. The fabric of society is ripping in the face of the rise of artificial intelligence, but soon a new and beautiful fabric will be woven. One strike at a time, humans will secure their place in the workforce.

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